Examples include abnormal blood levels, damaged cells, and abnormal gene expression. b. irrational thoughts contribute to ones feelings. Dealing with anxiety. If you believe focusing on a problem generates a solution, then write down each time you ruminate and the result. 48. Armed with this stunning revelation, Pavlov spent the rest of his career investigating the learning phenomenon. c. neurons. This should sound much like what you just read about in terms of Thorndikes work. That is why a person inherits a susceptibility to a mental illness and doesnt necessarily develop the illness. Negative means that something is being taken away good or bad. Which of the following is NOT an example of diathesis in the diathesis-stress explanation of. d. encourages individuals to share information with the group. 62. 46. 2.3.2.1. 110. None of the models are complete within themselves. Since then, I haven't been able to swim in a lake. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. Describe the role of genes in mental illness. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. b. focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. The room contains a highly prized toy, but they are told they cannot play with it. Key features of the perspective include a belief in human perfectibility, personal fulfillment, valuing self-disclosure, placing feelings over intellect, an emphasis on the present, and hedonism. Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. A person has a recurring dream of losing her dog. Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and drug use during pregnancy are risk factors for ADHD. 89. Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didnt know the answers to many of the questions. Figure 2.9 shows that that are two main components that make up a reinforcement schedule when you will reinforce and what is being reinforced. Of course, removing cognition from the study of psychology ignored an important part of what makes us human and separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. Integrative behavioral couple therapy helps partners: a. accept behaviors that they cannot change. Discuss the concept of a model and identify those important to understanding psychopathology. d. integrate new behaviors to compensate for other damaging behaviors. Another example is how a baby will root for a food source if the mothers breast is placed near their mouth. 153. All other toys are allowed, including a Bobo doll. Think of it as an If-Then statement. If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: a. Rogers. Please note that a person may become fixated at any stage, meaning they become stuck, thereby affecting later development and possibly leading to abnormal functioning, or psychopathology. d. propositions. c. operant conditioning. They can be identified, treated, and monitored by observing and identifying physiological signs. The important thing to understand is that not all behaviors occur due to reinforcement and punishment as operant conditioning says. 140. Food, water, temperature, and sex, for instance, are primary reinforcers, while extreme cold or hot or a punch on the arm are inherently punishing. Blaming You focus on someone else as the source of your negative feelings and do not take any responsibility for changing yourself. b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. They act as the instructions to make proteins, and it is estimated by the Human Genome Project that we have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. For instance, evidence suggests that contracting strep throat, an infection in the throat and tonsils caused by bacteria called group A Streptococcus (for more on strep throat, please visit https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html), can lead to the development of OCD, Tourettes syndrome, and tic disorder in children (Mell, Davis, & Owens, 2005; Giedd et al., 2000; Allen et al., 1995; https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness). The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. This is called the. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. Considered the follow-up to Watson and Rayner (1920), Jones (1924; Figure 2.7) wanted to see if a child who learned to be afraid of white rabbits (Panel B) could be conditioned to become unafraid of them. Which type of theorist would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: a. humanistic. a. multicultural b. biological c. humanistic d. cognitive-behavioral, 136. 2 Models of Abnormality There are six models in Abnormal Psychology which aim to describe and explain psychological abnormalities and how the treatment works for each. c. Sessions are primarily conducted in a virtual environment. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: a. avoid discussing religion. They might go through reuptake, which is the process of the presynaptic neuron taking up excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space for future use or enzymatic degradation when enzymes destroy excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space. Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. Im here for you. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. d. case studies. The synapse consists of three parts the axon of the sending neuron, the space in between called the synaptic space, gap, or cleft, and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. Recent research has discovered that autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia all share genetic roots. According to Freud, consciousness had three levels (consciousness, preconscious, and the unconscious), personality had three parts (the id, ego, and superego), personality developed over five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital), there are ten defense mechanisms to protect the ego such as repression and sublimation, and finally three assessment techniques (free association, transference, and dream analysis) could be used to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. Multicultural psychologists assert that both normal behavior and abnormal behavior need to be understood in the context of the individuals unique culture and the groups value system. 42. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: A patient's initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. Models aid us with doing all of this. Describe how the sociocultural model explains mental illness. b. modeling. 130. Or, they are easily distracted and sits in the back so that all stimuli are in front of him/her. In Banduras experiment, children were first brought into a room to watch a video of an adult playing nicely or aggressively with a Bobo doll, which provided a model. c. psychodynamic Then write a few balanced statements such as the one the article suggests, Ive made some mistakes that I feel embarrassed about, but a lot of the time, I make good choices.. c. The client is operantly conditioned to associate sobriety with happiness. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. The good thing is that what is learned can be unlearned or relearned through behavior modification, the process of changing behavior. c. transference. c. Existentialists believe that research dehumanizes individuals by reducing them to test measures. a. d. people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. Critics of the behavioral perspective point out that it oversimplifies behavior and often ignores inner determinants of behavior. d. They are unconscious and, therefore, not a factor in conscious experience. This is called the absolute refractory period. Then there is the self-serving bias, which is when we attribute our success to our own efforts (dispositional) and our failures to external causes (situational). Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? b. dendrites. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? Its key figures were Abraham Maslow, who proposed the hierarchy of needs, and Carl Rogers, who we will focus on here. Any reference to cognitive processes was dismissed as this was not overt, but covert according to Watson and later Skinner. ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. c. existential Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? c. operant conditioning. a. an actual symptom b. the community mental health system c. labeling d. communication. Communication in the nervous system. c. irrational patterns of thinking. Furthermore, some patients report feeling as though they lack speech or motor control, thus feeling at times like a robot. It begins with the individual learning a relaxation technique such as diaphragmatic breathing. However, one afternoon I was bitten on the foot by something in the water. Obviously then, with partial, a response continues being made for a while. b. map, or sequence, genes. 18. Release of neurotransmitters is stopped. The information is received by brain structures (central nervous system) and perception occurs. The perspective is overly precise. d. humanistic. First, you can use cognitive restructuring, also called rational restructuring, in which maladaptive cognitions are replaced with more adaptive ones. Therefore, there is no such thing as abnormal behavior. d. A child often deliberately (consciously) adopts so-called abnormal behaviors when interacting with the family unit as a way to maintaining homeostasis.. 57. 27. Right before his death, Skinner (1990) reminded psychologists that the only thing we can truly know and study was the observable. b. Rogers. In operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often we will reinforce the desired behavior is called the reinforcement schedule. The diathesis-stress model of abnormality emphasizes that: abnormality arises from an interaction between stress and predisposition. If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. Fortunately, the work of George Miller, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Ulrich Neisser demonstrated the importance of cognitive abilities in understanding thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and in the case of psychopathology, show that people can create their problems by how they come to interpret events experienced in the world around them. There is not a leader, and everyone is equal. This led to a cognitive-behavioral perspective that combines concepts from the behavioral and cognitive models, the latter discussed in the next section. To begin, an applied behavior analyst identifies a target behavior, or behavior to be changed, defines it, works with the client to develop goals, conducts a functional assessment to understand what the undesirable behavior is, what causes it, and what maintains it. The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol. 2.3.3.4. c. cognitive-behavioral 45. Why is this important to a discussion of psychopathology? Don't worry. Does extinction happen as soon as the anticipated reinforcer is removed? To do this, the client must be aware of the distressing thoughts, when they occur, and their effect on them. Antidepressants are used to treat depression, but also anxiety, insomnia, and pain. Yvette's negative thought patterns are harmful to her well-being. Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior. A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: a. unknown causes. b. brain stimulation. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? d. libido. 25. You are doing your best. a. tertiary b. mutual-help c. cognitive-behavioral d. integrative behavioral. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? 146. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. All forget that there is no individual model that completely explains human behavior, or in this case, abnormal behavior, and so each model contributes in its own way. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely be practicing: a. couple therapy. Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. Operant conditioning. d. special external pressures faced by members of a culture. a. modeling The type of reinforcer or punisher we use is crucial. In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. After you perform poorly on the exam, you blame your professor. b. This form of learning is called: According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving: ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. Least difficult situations are handled first, followed by more difficult situations, all while rehearsing and mastering all the situations present in the hierarchy. However, people can build up a tolerance to benzodiazepines if they are taken over a long period of time and may need higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, difficulty urinating, and irregular heartbeat, to name a few. Figure 2.2. Evaluating the behavioral model. c. transference. The fundamental unit of the nervous system is the neuron, or nerve cell (See Figure 2.3). b. ones values and goals. This therapy is BEST described as: Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. How does the existential perspective approach psychopathology? Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential. The biggest criticism of these models is that the concepts are abstract and fuzzy and so very difficult to research. c. increased participation in very high-risk activities. Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: a. increase positive self-talk and decrease risk taking. Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology by Washington State University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Once the information has been interpreted, commands are sent out, telling the body how to respond (Step E), also via the peripheral nervous system. Racial, ethnic, and cultural factors are also relevant to understanding the development and course of mental illness. Right? a. sociocultural b. biocultural c. psychocultural d. cognitive-cultural. b. drugs cannot be combined with other forms of treatment. c. who believe in a higher being are the healthiest. c. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. 34. c. superego. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1906, 1927, 1928), a Russian physiologist, was interested in studying digestive processes in dogs in response to being fed meat powder. It is most likely that his psychotherapist is a ____ therapist. a. short-term psychodynamic therapy b. psychoanalysis c. traditional psychodynamic therapy d. relational psychoanalytic therapy. b. insight. 90. b. it is unclear whether problematic behaviors and cognitions are the cause of psychological difficulties or the result. The peripheral nervous system consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord. 65. b. negative transference. In a general sense, a model is defined as a representation or imitation of an object (dictionary.com). Maybe I am not paid weekly now. A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. After several conditioning trials, the child responded with fear to the mere presence of the white rat (Panel C). b. early childhood trauma. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. According to the psychodynamic model, current behavior is determined by all of the following EXCEPT: a. past experiences. During CBT a therapist will actively work with a person to uncover unhealthy patterns of thought and how they may be causing self-destructive behaviors and beliefs. CBT attempts to identify negative or false beliefs and restructure them. The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: a. clone a mammal. Additionally, you might have wondered if the person or animal will try to make the response again in the future even though it stopped being reinforced in the past. However, keep in mind that we do not model everything we see. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? b. A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. b. a distorted view of the self. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a "here and now" orientation, are _____ therapists. To truly understand brain structure and chemistry, it is a good idea to understand how communication occurs within the nervous system. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: a. repression. Third, he relied solely on the reports of his patients and sought no observer reports. It is difficult to research this perspective. a. avoidance b. illogical c. safety d. exposure, 96. The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.. d. behavioral. 2.2.1.4. What is the effect of genes, hormones, and viruses on the development of mental disorders? This thought is an example of: a. depression. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: The critical part is what happens to the person modeling the behavior. Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? 107. c. humanistic-existential A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive.